Immune response: the Achilles’ heel of the stem cell-based regenerative therapies

Besides trauma, several pathological conditions which directly affect the normal functioning of organs, require new therapeutic strategies to repair damaged or diseased tissues. Tissue regeneration is a complex and spatiotemporal process involving plethora cell types, including various immune cells stem in synchronized relationship. However, individual parameters, namely ageing, obesity, diabetes, chronic conditions, have been intrinsically correlated with poor regenerative properties adult While vast progress has made regarding cell-based therapy direct self-healing, response still Achilles’ heel such strategies. Whereas role effector well defined along process, an understanding behavior main cells, mesenchymal (MSCs) hematopoietic progenitor (HSPCs), different phases could clarify how these can be used positively influence response. In this scope, review highlights interactions between during tissue repair, exploring most important correlating them modulation regeneration. Furthermore, utmost explore fate are affected by specific microenvironments and/or stimuli usually found emphasized. This clarification may provide critical insight into molecular mechanisms modulate positive feedback loop toward repair.